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Types of Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic eruptions have caused some of the worst disasters in the world. They can wipe out entire cities and kill thousands of people. The name of volcano comes from Roman term. It derives from VULCAN which is the name of Roman fire god. Romans believed that Vulcan lived on a volcanic Italian coast. Romans called the island VULCANO.
According to scientists, volcanic eruptions are divided in to four basic groups. They are commonly known as Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian and Peleean. The term of Hawaiian eruptions are named after the volcanoes in Hawaii. These volcanic eruptions are the least violent type. They produce highly fluid lava which flows quietly. This gradually builds up a shield volcano.
Strombolian eruptions are named after Stromboli. These result from the constant release of gas from the magma. As the gas escapes, it produces tephra that piles up, turning into a cinder cone. Strombolian eruptions happen when sticky magma plugs the central vent. This makes the magmatic gas build up pressure until it blasts. The magma is turned into volcanic dust and bombs.
Vulcanian eruption which comes from the ancient Roman belief, are more violent than the strombolian eruption. Vulcanian eruption happens and brings magma which is more viscous. Vulcanian explosions are usually larger and noisier than the Strombolian eruptions.
Paleean eruptions are famous as the most violent kind of volcanic eruptions. The name of paleean comes from the eruption of Mount Pelee, Martinique in 1902. It killed almost 38 thousands people. A Peleean eruption occurs when the magmatic gas build up tremendous pressure. This causes violent explosions with glowing clouds of hot ash and dust.
Contoh Explanation Text About Tsunami dan Artinya – Tsunami adalah sebuah gelombang besar yang menyebabkan kerusakan dahsyat bagi muka bumi. Berikut ini, terdapat sebuah contoh teks penjelasan mengenai Tsunami.
Tsunami
Tsunami is a natural disaster caused by the increasing waves of the sea to land with a high swiftness as the consequence of the quake which is centred under the ocean. The quake can be caused by land erosion, sifted plate, an erupted volcano as well as a meteoroid that falls in the ocean. Tsunami usually happens if the size of the earthquake exceed until 7 on the Richter scale. This tsunami is quite dangerous, mainly for those who live around the beach. With great force, it will sweep out whatever around it. From all causes of tsunami, earthquake is the major cause.
An earthquake on the bottom of sea gives rise to an affliction of the sea water that caused by the change of the profile of the ocean floor that generally occurs because of a tectonics earthquake and perpendicular (vertical) ground motion with the surface of the sea water or earth surface. If the movements of the ground are horizontal on the surface of the sea, there will not happen tsunami.
Even though the movement of the ground is horizontal, but the energy of the earthquake is big, and it can cause the collapse of cliffs/hill on the sea automatically in which the movement is perpendicular to the surface of the sea. Although there is no earthquake that hits the land directly which results vertical movement, the condition of a cliff and hill in the sea has been unstable and because of the force of gravity and ocean currents that led to landslides, it causes tsunami.
Earthquake causes perpendicular layers motion of earth. As a result, the sea bottom is suddenly up and down, so that the balance of sea water was disturbed on it, similarly with cosmic objects or meteors that fall from above. If the size of a meteor or landslide is quite big, megatsunami can happen with hundreds of meters high.
Vertical movement of the earth crust because of a volcanic eruption, an earthquake, the avalanche or a meteor falling to earth can cause the sea floor becomes up or down suddenly therefore it disturbs the balance of water on it. This makes the occurrence of energy flow of sea water on the beach become large waves so that tsunami happens. Billows can spread to all directions. Energy which conceives in the wave of the tsunami is fixed on the function of the altitude. The height of waves in the sea is only about 1 meter. Thus, the rate of a wave cannot be felt by a ship that was in the middle of the sea. When it approaches the coast, the speed of the tsunami of decline until about 30 miles per hour, but its height has increased to reach tens of meters. When it reaches the coast, tsunami enters the land until hundreds of meters, even kilometres.
The victim of tsunami is not a little. The casualties are hit by sluggish water flow and material that carried away by the tsunami. Besides the victim, tsunami also has a negative impact on the building, herbs, and pollution to agricultural land, and water. Artinya:
Tsunami
Tsunami adalah bencana alam yang disebabkan oleh meningkatnya gelombang laut ke darat dengan kecepatan tinggi sebagai konsekuensi dari gempa yang berpusat di bawah laut. Gempa itu dapat disebabkan oleh erosi tanah, pergerakan lempengan, gunung api meletus serta Meteoroid yang jatuh di laut. Tsunami biasanya terjadi jika ukuran gempa melebihi 7 skala Richter. Tsunami ini cukup berbahaya, terutama bagi mereka yang tinggal di sekitar pantai. Dengan kekuatan besar, itu akan menyapu apapun di sekitarnya. Dari semua penyebab Tsunami, gempa merupakan penyebab paling besar.
Gempa bumi di dasar laut menimbulkan pergerakan air laut yang disebabkan oleh perubahan profil dasar laut yang umumnya terjadi karena gempa tektonik dan tegak lurus (vertikal). Jika pergerakan tanah horisontal di permukaan laut, maka tidak akan terjadi tsunami.
Meskipun terjadi pergerakan tanah secara horizontal, tetapi energi dari gempa tersebut begitu besar dan hal itu dapat menyebabkan rusaknya bukit atau tebing di dalam laut yang secara otomatis menyebabkan pergerakan di permukaan laut tersebut. Meskipun tidak ada gempa yang secara langsung menyebabkan pergerakan vertical, kondisi tebing atau bukit di dalam laut menjadi tidak etabil karena tekanan gravitasi dan hal itu menyebabkan tsunami.
Gempa menyebabkan gerakan lapisan bumi secara tegak lurus. Akibatnya, dasar laut tiba-tiba naik dan turun, sehingga keseimbangan air laut terganggu di atasnya, sama dengan benda-benda kosmik atau meteor yang jatuh dari atas. Jika ukuran meteor atau longsor ini cukup besar, megatsunami dapat terjadi dengan ratusan meter.
Pergerakan vertikal kerak bumi karena letusan gunung berapi, gempa bumi, longsor atau meteor jatuh ke bumi dapat menyebabkan dasar laut menjadi naik atau turun tiba-tiba oleh karena itu dapat mengganggu keseimbangan air di atasnya. Ini membuat terjadinya aliran energi air laut di pantai menjadi ombak besar sehingga Tsunami dapat terjadi. Pemecah dapat menyebar ke segala arah. Ketinggian gelombang di laut hanya sekitar 1 meter. Dengan demikian, laju gelombang tidak dapat dirasakan oleh kapal yang berada di tengah laut. Ketika mendekati pantai, kecepatan tsunami penurunan sampai sekitar 30 mil per jam, namun tingginya meningkat mencapai puluhan meter. Saat mencapai pantai, tsunami memasuki tanah sampai ratusan meter, bahkan kilometer.
Korban tsunami tidak sedikit. Para korban banyak yang terkena aliran air lamban dan bahan yang terbawa oleh tsunami. Selain korban, Tsunami pula memiliki dampak negatif pada bangunan, tumbuhan, serta polusi lahan pertanian, serta air.